History of Ottoman Empire (part 2)

 History of Ottoman Empire part 2

The Jewish population simultaneously as these legislative and cultural shifts transpired within the empire outside of the sovereign borders build out continued almost immediately taking aim at the Christian powers in both Europe and the Mediterranean Suleiman the first led his forces to a victory at Belgrade in 1521 followed by the long-awaited seizure of Rhodes in 1522 four years later engaged with the Hungarian troops the ottomans not only vanquished their opponent but also executed king Louis ii of Hungary himself when Silliman came across the slain body of the Hungarian monarch he remarked may Allah be merciful to him and punish those who misled his inexperience i came indeed in arms against him but it was not my wish that he should be thus cut off before he scarcely tasted the sweets of life and royalty this unexpected void in Hungary’s authority sparked a new conflict for the throne between the Hapsburg archduke of Austria and the Transylvania voided amidst prevalent opposition to the prospect of Hapsburg control the ottoman sultan chose to accept nosh as the new vassal king of Hungary as an added venture to undermine any subsequent Hapsburg meddling Silliman led another campaign in 1529 this time aimed at Vienna unfortunately for the Turks an outbreak of troubles plagued their offensive and forced the sultan to call off the feudal advances largely undeterred by 1532 the ottomans tried yet again to assail Vienna but made very minimal progress after being stopped by the defending forces at the siege of guns thus giving Sullivan’s belief that Vienna was not a prize to be won so easily a peace agreement was finally Reached in Constantinople between archduke Ferdinand the first of Austria and the ottoman sultan the following year the terms of the truce were decided upon by both sides however it did not take long for the integrity of the agreement to deteriorate when enosh passed away in 1540 any remaining peace between the ottomans and Austrians seemed to shatter altogether throughout a series of campaigns and annexations in 1541 through 1543 Hungary was eventually split into three individual hungriest on one side sat the Hapsburg Hungary which was adjacent to the ottoman vassal state of Transylvania and neighboring the indefinitely garrisoned ottoman Hungary the succeeding 19 years marked a vigorous on and off war within the region forcing a long bout of peace negotiations in 1562 all the while as the discord between the Christian and Muslim sides played out in one continent the ottomans were also facing hostility over in the middle east back in 1534 Suleiman launched the first of the three repetitive campaigns against the Persian opposition the ottomans would continue to push back against the shah and his forces participating in a prolonged chess game of territory exchange until the final incursion ended with a peace treaty in 1544 securing various important gains for the ottoman side during this time the ottoman naval might began to flourish under admiral care Aldine taking on European allied forces near the coasts of Greece with great success the range of the Turks naval influence could be felt as far as the Indian ocean where they came in direct competition with the Portuguese ascendancy in addition Suleiman’s reign also expanded the scope of the ottoman impact to north Africa and the Mughal empire rounding out a long and prosperous period of development and consolidation though not without the occasional shortcoming Suleiman spent his final months at the siege of sigetvar which resulted in a taxing victory for the ottomans losing tens of thousands of men in the process as well as their sultan with his brothers having died or been executed previously salim ii became the new leader of the ottoman empire in 1566 the first of many who would fall into the same pattern salim's dominance and true authority was often undercut by the sway of Mehmet sakholu his grand vizier and the women of his harem most notably his wife thoroughly uninterested in a life saturated in politics the new sultan chose to leave much of the governing duties in the hands of the grand vizier nonetheless salim's reign was marked by the exchange of war for peace in regions previously contested by his father the first treaty was signed in 1568 creating a new wave of non-aggression with austria mirroring the last ceasefire between the ottomans and cevaphids while a rebellion in Yemen crept up shortly after it was quickly subdued the only main conflicts faced during the period of salim's rule played out after the capture of venetian territory of Cyprus in 1570 the same year that a peace treaty with Russia under the rule of Ivan the terrible was reached in Constantinople subsequently due to the aforementioned antagonism in Europe the battle of lepanto ensued in 1571 which gifted only temporary victory to Venice until the following year by 1574 the ottomans had secured both Cyprus and Tunisia before the passing of sultan salim ii leaving the empire in the hands of murad iii in drastic contrast with his father murad ruled over a period of both conflict and decline of coherence within the empire seizing fez from the Portuguese in 1578 and then broadening his authority in the Persian region the sultan eventually launched a new surge of combat with Austria that would last into the following century during this time a notable alliance was formed between the ottoman vassals with the Austrians despite the clear breach of terms with the Turkish sovereignty the period of 1570 until 1590 also marked a relaunch of hostilities with the safafit dynasty meanwhile the state of affairs within the ottoman borders fared no better the constant conflicts demanded higher taxes prompting inflation and a rapid dwindling of the overall permanence inside the empire even causing a slump in the reliability of the janissary troops as only the second sultan following Salim ii to never lead his troops into battle and to have his power undermined by the women of his harem murad's most impressive accomplishment may have been securing a diplomatic relationship with queen Elizabeth the first of England arguing that the Islamic and protestant worlds had more in common than either did to roman Catholicism the sultan was able to form a trade agreement with the English monarch in 1581. granting priority to England’s merchants within ottoman territory these foreign relations outlived the sultan himself being passed from the hands of murad iii to Mehmet iii as the final sultan of the 16th century Mehmet iii took on the growing alliance between his European vassals and Austrian enemy initially facing a loss though quickly bouncing back to defeat the Hapsburg and Transylvanian forces at the battle of koreshtech in 1596 the end of the 1500s brought only slightly improved luck as a peace agreement was reached between the ottoman empire and one of the vassal leaders mihai the brave who had found prior success in fighting off the Turkish troops sultan Mehmet iii continued to hold the ottoman throne into the 17th century and would reign for another three years to come the ottoman empire in the hands of sultan Mehmet iii began the 17th century having made peace with notable challengers such as Michael the brave who now ruled over Moldavia and Transylvania uniting them under one flag however conflict still persisted elsewhere barely into the sixteen hundreds the ottomans captured the fortress of nagi kanitsa having to defend their new hold on the following year at the siege of nagia konitsa against the Hapsburg and allied forces while continuing to participate in the 13-year war against the Hapsburg monarchy the Turks were also constrained to engage with repeated revolts that surfaced at the start of the century adding a third front to the ottoman's current situation in the fall of 1603 war broke out once again with the savapha dynasty of Persia making the death of sultan Mehmet iii that December even heavier a loss for the empire at only 13 years old ahmed the first was next to take the title of sultan following his father's death likely due to his age sultan ahmed made an unprecedented decision in favor of sparing the life of his brother mustafa opposing the expected act of fratricide demonstrated by his predecessors as a way of avoiding future dissension over the throne the young sultan chose to keep mustafa alive an act which prevented a potential end to the dynasty given that ahmed had not yet fathered any children to secede him nonetheless getting right to work ahmed focused his attention on the raging ottoman safafid war sending an army from Constantinople in june of 1604 to confront their antagonistic foe having arrived later than they should have the turks failed to prevent the safavids from capturing Yerevan and advancing forward some arguably poor decisions on the ottoman side ensued all but throwing away a year of precious time and opportunity by 1605 the war continued to wage on and prompted the turks under the command of mehmed pasha to form a temporary allegiance with steven box kai prince of transylvania who had requested assistance from the ottoman empire still as a consequence of ongoing struggles from multiple angles including more revolts in anatolia sultan ahmed was forced to concede to the treaty of sithfatorak in 1606 with austria recognizing the habsburg emperor as his equal and taking an axe to ottoman expansion in Europe pressed even further to extend favorable commercial privileges to the netherlands france and venice the young sultan caused a significant blow to the empire's forced once again to come to an agreement with a bitter rival near the end of 1612 the ottomans and safavid signed the treaty of nasa pasha surrendering all territory gained in the 1578 war back to the Persians resetting the map to that of 1555 after the peace treaty of amasia the same year also marked a renewal of non-violence with France Venice and England as well as a novel trade treaty that was signed with the dutch republic while scrambling to create a wave of harmony ahmed's attempts to calm the atmosphere within his sovereign borders through new regulations religious donations and architecture were mostly overshadowed after a rain plagued with turmoil sultan ahmed fell ill and passed away in November of 1617 leaving.

history of ottomans

 The unsteady empire under the watchful eye of mustafa the first in an unusual occurrence the death of the prior sultan left the throne open to multiple candidates all of which resided at the sultan's palace due to ahmed's son's age at the time a court faction in favor of giving the title to Mustafa overruled the opposition and enthroned the new sultan as the first brother to become sultan ahead of their predecessor's sons mustafa had minimal luck in restabilizing the empire often described as having severe mental abnormalities mustafa was influenced by his mother haleem sultan who obtained notable direct power in his place nonetheless after only a short rule the sultan was ousted by another court faction who chose to instead replace him with his nephew Osman ii claiming the role in 1618 aged only 14 at the time osman ii was aware of the desperate need to repair the current state of affairs within the empire the young sultan first signed the treaty of sarav with the safavids before personally leading an incursion into Poland which had previously interfered with ottoman vassal states during the Moldavian magnet wars though another treaty was necessitated by the ottoman's loss at the battle of chotin in 1621 osman was undeterred from his goal to mend the empire's prestige blaming the debased janissary corps for what he deemed inadequacy during the previous ventures the sultan decided to close their coffee shops and slash their pay as punishment osman was unable to follow through on a plan to overhaul his current forces and create a more reliable army before the outraged janissaries rebelled sultan osman ii was dethroned imprisoned and subsequently strangled to death marking the first sultan assassination performed by the janissaries taking advantage of his nephew's downfall mustafa the first regained his throne in 1622 immediately cracking down on all those who were involved in osman's execution unable to maintain any level of control in the face of growing tensions between the janissaries and sapafi cavalrymen as well as a revolt by the governor general of urzu rum to avenge osmond mustafa's mother ultimately supported a move to oust her son on the condition that he not be killed in the process ahmed the first eleven-year-old son murad iv now ascended the throne in september of 1623 though his first years as ruler were mostly dominated by his mother and grand viziers sultan's reign became a beacon of hope for the restoration of the empire's inner amity and foreign conflict with tenacious ferocity murad was known for his heavy-handed brutality and tendency to only loosely follow the overarching sharia law with the safavids now invading more territory to the southeast the ottomans focused this ruthless grit back onto the war with the Persians able to seize Azerbaijan Tabriz and Hamadan even Baghdad in 1638 the Turks then signed the treaty of zahab the following year the siege of Baghdad also brought a notable meeting between sultan murad and two ambassadors from the magal empire exchanging gifts and supplies before sending a handful of ottoman troops to accompany the magals on their own expedition to sarat ironically having banned alcohol tobacco and coffee sultan murad iv eventually succumbed to his own alcohol addiction in 1640 seceding his brother Ibrahim the first took the throne and quickly moved to make peace with the safavids and Austria in stark contrast by 1645 sultan Ibrahim had already sparked a war with Venice over the island of crete being a fan of extravagance the new sultan's rule brought with it an increase in taxes causing disapproval and resentment within the region while the grand vizier Kara mustafa pasha had helped to correct economic deficiencies within the empire before his execution in 1644 not enough had been done and the burden caused by Ibrahim’s expensive intrigues remained after a previous failed attempt to depose the monarch in favor of one of his own sons a janissary rebellion led to the capture of the ultimate assassination of sultan Ibrahim the first handing the throne over to his six-year-old son Mehmet iv sultan Mehmet iv the second longest reigning ruler of the empire ushered in a period of short-lived improvement bringing about heightened expansions in Europe the ottomans managed successful campaigns against the adversaries such as Venice Transylvania Poland and even Russia nevertheless at the battle of Vienna in 1683 against the polish Lithuanian troops and their allies the ottomans suffered a devastating defeat which marked merely the beginning of the great Turkish war against the holy league only a few years later sultan Mehmet and his men faced another crushing blow at the second battle of Mohawk undergoing both a loss to their opponents and a mutiny from within as a consequence it was decided in November of 1687 that sultan Mehmet iv would be ousted and replaced by his brother Suleiman ii with the mutiny that raised Suleiman ii to the throne still carrying on the ottomans made a hasty attempt to fight back against the holy league despite losing support of the Crimean vassals who now had to defend themselves against a Russian invasion even so the Turks were able to gain temporary victory as they recaptured Belgrade and niche in 1690 despite a request for support being denied in 1688 by the magal emperor Aaron zebu the ottomans put a stop to the Austrian invasion of Serbia as well as a revolt coming from Macedonia and Bulgaria Sullivan’s luck remained even after his own passing in June of 1691 until the death of his grand vizier cup ruling Fazil Mustafa pasha at the battle of slan kamen against the Austrians in 1691 before his death the grand vizier had helped to establish tax reforms and contribute to the improved treatment of Christians under ottoman dominion having taken the title of sultan and responsibility of facing their opponents at the battle of slaan kamen ahmed ii was immediately met with major losses of territory caused by Austrians and venetians over the next few years the new sultan was never able to show complete independence of his commandant was heavily reliant on his advisors throughout his time dealing with the holy league and newfound disturbances in the provinces of Levant after a short and rather mediocre reign sultan ahmed ii's death in 1695 at the age of 51 led to Mustafa ii son of Mehmet iv being perched to round out the 17th century as sultan as the great Turkish war continued sultan Mustafa ii led the empire to both victory and defeat ending with the signing of two peace treaties in 1699 and 1700 first came the treaty of karla vitz drastically cutting the ottoman influence in the Balkans and handing predominant power in the region over to austria the following summer the treaty of constantinople was signed between the ottoman turks and russia confirming russia's capture of azov and ending the 17th century hostilities between the powers with these compromises established sultan mustafa ii would remain on the throne for another three years to come the 17th century was different for the ottomans if previously we discussed the expansion of this important empire between 1600 to 1700 the ottomans experienced a lot of political turmoil and internal crisis which led to instability and lost wars from now on the ottomans will focus far less on conquests and more on protecting their borders the 1700s in the ottoman empire marked a time of reform adaptation and often on war with European powers most notably Russia the empire that had previously been focused heavily on outward expansion was now faced with resolving internal issues and defending its possessions from new expansionist powers new allies new enemies and new challenges faced the ottoman sultans over the next century going to 1700 Mustafa ii held the ottoman throne to kick off the 18th century sultan Mustafa signed the treaty of Constantinople on July 13 1700 ending the russia-turkish war of 1686 throughout 1700 against Russian tsar peter the great this treaty gave azov to russia but promised 30 years of peace between the empires sultan Mustafa was unable to enjoy the harmony for long though due to the edern event in 1703 the event was a result of angered janissary core who disproved of sultan Mustafa’s choice to return to edin not constantinople after signing the treaty of karlawitz and constantinople with the holy league Mustafa also left most political and administrative power to phase Allah effendi who the janissaries found to be corrupt and overbearing when the ottomans decided to intervene in the civil war in Georgia a unit of janissary corps was supposed to be sent to Georgia to give the empire a military presence in addition to the janissaries existing displeasure they were also now intended to join this conflict having not been paid for their proper salaries few units began to protest in Constantinople and were quickly joined by civilians and other soldiers the protests turned to riots and after phase allah affendi had the rebels group of representatives arrested the rioters turned their sights toward edern but the janissaries were unsatisfied and as the sultan's own soldiers now joined the protesters arriving in etern mustafa was deposed on august 22nd 1703 and faisala efendi was assassinated ahmed iii the brother of mustafa ii now seized the ottoman throne and was faced with the challenge of subduing the rebellious troops constantinople remained in a state of unsettled indignation until the appointment of a new grand vizier ali pasha once sultan ahmed could focus more on foreign affairs he began to improve ottoman relations with both england and france as well as forming a new alliance with charles xii of sweden after the swedish king's loss to peter the great of russia at the battle of poltava in 1709 charles sought refuge in the ottoman court and proceeded to convince sultan ahmed to declare war on russia in 1710 despite the 1700 constantinople treaty which should have meant 30 years of peace the ottoman grand vizier mehmed pasha led his troops to a decisive victory surrounding peter the great's men at the pratt river and forcing the russians to not only agree to giving up azov but they were also required to destroy the fortress of Taganrog and any other azovian forts and refrain from interfering in any polish or cossack affairs once the russians were no longer a direct adversary for the time being ahmed turned his attention to the venetians declaring war on venice in december of 1714. the ottomans used coordinated naval and army efforts to seize moria the following year word of the Turk's victory made its way to Austria and the Austrian emperor Charles vi chose to intervene kicking off the Austro-Turkish war of 1716 through 1718 prince Eugene's Austria's Habsburg general led his troops to drastic success against the ottomans although the war itself began to disrupt Dutch and British Mediterranean trade in 1718 great Britain and holland urged.

the founder Osman ghazi

 The ottomans Venetians and austrians into signing the treaty of pasa rovitz ending the conflict and confirming the ottomans gain of moria unfortunately for sultan ahmed the agreement also forced him to hand over belgrade little vallahia and benott to Austria which threw a wrench in his empire's westward expansion a few years later in june of 1724 the russia ottoman treaty was concluded which was intended to partition their shared neighbor of safavid iran but the ottomans were essentially chased out of the region by 1730 potentially fueled by this failure in addition to anger toward the sultan's excessive indulgence and overly lavish lifestyle in a time of economic struggle a janissary mutiny broke out again led by patrona sultan ahmed iii was subsequently deposed and replaced on the throne by his nephew mahmud the first one of the many sultans to do so mahmud was forced to first calm the boiling tensions in his empire after his uncle's overthrow after roughly a year sultan mahmud was able to end the rebellion with the execution of halil and a large portion of his supporters during his reign mahmud became stuck in an on and off war with persia which brought about no real conclusion whilst also being faced with more discord in europe beginning in 1735 the new russia turkish war began after russia decided to sign the treaty of ganja with iran creating an alliance against the offensive ottomans the russians now turn toward crimea which they continuously sieged burning palaces and fortifications as they pushed deeper into the peninsula they finally reached azov where they captured the ottomans fortress there although russian goals were aggressive all sides of the conflict were essentially subdued by a plague outbreak throughout 1737 to 1739 still austria attempted to join the war against the turks during 1737 but they faced repeated defeats at the hands of the ottomans and eventually lost belgrade after an incursion in the late summer of 1739 all three empires made negotiation efforts part way through the war but no progress was made diplomatically russia continued to drive deeper into ottoman territory through 1739 despite the fact that the austrians seem to have had enough the same year the treaty of belgrade was signed ending the austro-turkish war